Carla Gerardu-Low | Family Stories & Roots

Uncovering the Stories That Shaped Us

How the Pastore–Walter Act Brought My Dutch-Indo Family to America — July 7, 2025

How the Pastore–Walter Act Brought My Dutch-Indo Family to America

I only discovered about 10 years ago that my parents came to the United States as refugees. Until then, I hadn’t thought much about how or why they came to America in 1959—I just knew they had left the Netherlands for a new life. It wasn’t until later that I discovered they immigrated under a law called the Pastore–Walter Act, a piece of Cold War-era legislation that opened a narrow door for families like mine.

That question—the story behind their journey—sat quietly in the back of my mind until a recent visit to the Wereldmuseum in Amsterdam. In the heart of Amsterdam-Oost, a diverse and lively district where the streets hum with languages from around the world, I wandered into an exhibit titled Our Colonial Inheritance.” It explores the Netherlands’ colonial past in places like the Dutch East Indies. In the same place, my family’s Indo story began.

The exhibit was as thought-provoking as it was uncomfortable. It forced me to reflect not just on what colonialism meant for the people who lived under it but also on what it meant for descendants like me—people shaped by that complicated legacy in ways we don’t always recognize.

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Family Resilience: A Look at the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and the 2020 Pandemic — December 6, 2024

Family Resilience: A Look at the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and the 2020 Pandemic

It’s hard to imagine what it feels like at the beginning of a war. On the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies in January 1942, I imagine there was a tense mix of hope that the danger might pass them by and the growing fear that it wouldn’t.

My grandfather (Opa), Johannes H.T. Gerardu, likely didn’t have the luxury of such feelings. As a sergeant in the KNIL (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army), he had a front-row seat to the brewing storm. In December 1941, the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia was well underway. The Dutch, sensing the threat to their resource-rich colony, declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, the day after Pearl Harbor. However, the Japanese needed no such declaration to act. They had their eyes set on the Indies’ rubber and oil, and by January 11, 1942, they officially declared war on the Dutch.

Opa was stationed with the 5e Vliegtuggroep (5th air group) at Semplak, a hastily assembled airbase in Buitenzorg (now Bogor). The family lived off-base in a modest house. See my last post, A Mad Scramble to Prepare for the Japanese, to get a feel for where they lived. The map below is an aerial photo of the Palais du Gouverneur-General in Buitenzorg near their home. My dad was 13 years old and attending school at Notaris de Graaf-Stichting, a private secondary school. Life carried on as normally as possible—at least outwardly. But cracks in that normalcy began to show.

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Opa’s POW Journey Map — February 4, 2022

Opa’s POW Journey Map

I stumbled upon this awesome tool, StoryMap, to map journeys. It enabled me to take the research I have collected about my grandfather and present it in a sharable format.


The war in the Dutch East Indies was officially underway in early 1942. My grandfather, Johannes Hubertus Theodorus Gerardu (Opa) was a Sergeant in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL). He was in charge of the kitchen at his base. My father, Servaas, (age 14), remembers Pappy (his father) stopping by the house to tell the family that his unit was moving inland toward Bandoeng (now Bandung). Below is the geographical story of his time as a POW during the Japanese occupation. He was a POW for three and a half very long years.

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Recognizing Generational Trauma Can Change Your Life for Good — August 13, 2021

Recognizing Generational Trauma Can Change Your Life for Good

I started this blog as a way to memorialize the history of my family. The intent was to capture their stories for posterity’s sake. However, the process, not the stories I have written so far, is what has taught me so much more. In the many hours of conversations about my grandfather, I learned more about my father and his life in the Dutch East Indies than I could have ever imagined. Like so many people, I always assumed I knew my dad from a lifetime of interactions with him. My lifetime. Instead, I now believe that his early years during the World War II profoundly shaped who he is and why he does what he does. While his life in the United States is significantly different from his youth, his Dutch-Indo roots and the trauma experienced during the war shaped him. By extension, those experiences also shaped me.

Growing up in Colorado, no one around me knew this history. The war ended there on August 15, 1945. A few years ago, I discovered that the Netherlands commemorates victims of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) every year on August 15th. The commemoration is called Herdenking. On this date in 1945, my grandfather, two uncles, and one of my uncle’s brothers were liberated from Japanese POW camps. Unfortunately, one of my uncle’s brothers died during a POW transfer on the Junyo Maru.

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VJ Day FEPOW’s Gallery (Repost) — August 12, 2021

VJ Day FEPOW’s Gallery (Repost)

This is a repost of a post made on the private Facebook page, VJ Day FEPOW’s Gallery. Other than contributing four photos, I am not the author or administrator of the group. The purpose of this post is to share this amazing project.

Included in the gallery are my grandfather (line 11, 2nd from right), two uncles (last line, 9th & 10th from left), and brother of an uncle (line 23, 4th from right).

Post by Pam Gillespe, Admin, VJ Day FEPOW’s Gallery:

As a tribute to all Far East prisoners of war on this 76th Anniversary of VJ Day, we are pleased to unveil our FEPOW’s Gallery collage.

It contains one thousand photos of those held as prisoners in the Far East, representing the many thousands held overall by the Japanese in camps right across South East Asia during WW2.

Among the one thousand FEPOWs pictured here are many different nationalities including British, Australian, Dutch, American and Canadian. Most are of service personnel of all ranks and all branches of the services, but among the thousand are also civilian internees – men, women and children.

These thousand people were held in locations as far afield as Hong Kong, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Japan, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, Singapore, the Spice Islands and elsewhere.

Of these one thousand people, over twenty per cent did not return home.Also included in our one thousand are a number of FEPOWs of whom no photo could be found.

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A Pivotal Moment for a Young Soldier — July 3, 2018

A Pivotal Moment for a Young Soldier

My Opa – Johannes Hubertus Theodorus Gerardu

Continuing the story from my previous post – A Very Long Trip – Rotterdam to Tanjung Priok

When someone decides to make a momentous change in location, one must ponder the pros and cons of such a decision. In this case, the pros were the adventure, advancement opportunities, and financial gain, whereas the con was moving away from everything he knew. It is hard to prove what Hubert considered an adventure, but I do have his military record documenting his compensation history, which may give us a peek into this aspect of his life.

J.H. Gerardu ~1921
Johannes Hubertus Theodorus Gerardu in 1921 prior to his departure from the Netherlands to the Dutch Indies

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